Webthis study provides evidence that media and information literacy can help stem the spread of misinformation, disinformation, and fake news, aside from making information users and consumers capable of evaluating and determining the authenticity of news and information. Webresearchers and governments are finally battling back against the deluge of false information online, just as artificial intelligence threatens to supercharge the problem Webthe term disinformation, which has been suggested as a more accurate alternative to potentially misrepresentative terms such as ’fake news’, implies deliberately false content promoted with. Indeed, vaccine misinformation can be traced back to when vaccines were first developed, diresta explained. Second, based on the systematic literature review, to identify key research gaps and research problems, and thereby give an outlook in terms of avenues for future research. 0. 23, p = 0. 24).
